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Wie erhalte ich den entsprechenden durch Kommas getrennten Text für eine Folge von durch Kommas getrennten Codes?

Dafür gibt es möglicherweise einfachere Lösungen, aber hier ist eine Möglichkeit.

Tabellenstruktur

create table Locations(LocationID int, Location varchar(50))
create table OtherTable(ID int, Locations varchar(max))

Testdaten

insert into Locations values(1, 'Location <1>')
insert into Locations values(2, 'Location <2>')
insert into Locations values(3, 'Location <3>')
insert into Locations values(4, 'Location <4>')
insert into Locations values(5, 'Location <5>')

insert into OtherTable values (1, '')
insert into OtherTable values (2, '2')
insert into OtherTable values (3, '1, 3 ,5')

Abfrage

;with cte as
(
  select 
    T.ID,
    coalesce(L.Location, '') as Location
  from OtherTable as T
    cross apply
      (select cast('<r>'+replace(T.Locations, ',', '</r><r>')+'</r>' as xml)) LocXML(XMLCol)
    cross apply
      LocXML.XMLCol.nodes('r') LocID(IDCol) 
    left outer join Locations as L
      on L.LocationID = LocID.IDCol.value('.', 'int')
)
select
  C1.ID,
  stuff((select ', '+C2.Location
         from cte as C2 
         where C1.ID = C2.ID
         for xml path(''), type).value('text()[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'), 1, 2, '') as Locations
from cte as C1
group by C1.ID

Ergebnis

ID  Locations
--- ----------------------------------------
1   
2   Location <2>
3   Location <1>, Location <3>, Location <5>